Achilles Tendon Rupture

Understanding Achilles Tendon Rupture: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

The Achilles tendon is one of the most important and strongest tendons in the human body, connecting the calf muscles to the heel bone. It plays a crucial role in activities like walking, running, and jumping. Despite its strength, the Achilles tendon is also vulnerable to injuries, particularly a rupture, which can be both painful and debilitating. At the Foot & Ankle Centers of Frisco, Little Elm, and McKinney, we frequently treat patients with Achilles tendon ruptures, helping them regain mobility and return to their daily activities.

What Is an Achilles Tendon Rupture?

An Achilles tendon rupture occurs when the tendon, which runs down the back of the lower leg, tears either partially or completely. This injury often happens suddenly and can be the result of a forceful push-off, such as when sprinting, jumping, or abruptly changing directions. While the injury can affect anyone, it is more common in middle-aged men who participate in recreational sports.

Causes of Achilles Tendon Rupture

Several factors can contribute to the likelihood of an Achilles tendon rupture, including:

1. Sudden Increase in Physical Activity: Rapidly increasing the intensity or frequency of physical activity can strain the Achilles tendon, leading to a rupture.

2. Sports Participation: Engaging in sports that involve sudden stops, starts, or jumps, such as basketball, tennis, or soccer, can increase the risk.

3. Age: The Achilles tendon weakens and becomes less flexible with age, making it more susceptible to injury.

4. Previous Tendonitis: Chronic inflammation or degeneration of the Achilles tendon (Achilles tendinitis) can weaken the tendon and make it more prone to rupture.

5. Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids or fluoroquinolone antibiotics, have been associated with an increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture.

6. Flat Feet or Overpronation: Abnormal foot mechanics, such as flat feet or overpronation (excessive inward rolling of the foot), can place additional stress on the Achilles tendon.

Symptoms of an Achilles Tendon Rupture

An Achilles tendon rupture typically presents with the following symptoms:

• Sudden Pain: Most patients describe a sudden, sharp pain in the back of the ankle or calf, often likened to being kicked or struck by something.
• Popping or Snapping Sound: Many individuals hear or feel a pop or snap at the time of injury.
• Inability to Walk or Stand on Tiptoes: A complete rupture usually results in an inability to bear weight on the affected leg or to push off the foot while walking.
• Swelling and Bruising: The area around the Achilles tendon may become swollen, bruised, and tender to the touch.
• Weakness in the Ankle: The affected ankle may feel weak, particularly when trying to point the toes downward or push off the ground.

Diagnosis of Achilles Tendon Rupture

At the Foot & Ankle Centers of Frisco, Little Elm, and McKinney, our experienced podiatrists begin with a thorough physical examination of the affected leg and foot. They will check for signs of swelling, tenderness, and gaps in the tendon, as well as assess the range of motion and strength in the ankle.

In some cases, imaging tests such as an ultrasound or MRI may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the rupture. These tests provide detailed images of the tendon and surrounding tissues, helping to guide treatment decisions.

Treatment Options for Achilles Tendon Rupture

Treatment for an Achilles tendon rupture depends on the severity of the injury, the patient’s age, activity level, and overall health. The primary treatment options include:

1. Non-Surgical Treatment

Non-surgical treatment may be recommended for partial ruptures, older patients, or those who are less active. This approach typically involves:

• Immobilization: The foot and ankle are immobilized in a cast, boot, or brace for several weeks to allow the tendon to heal. The foot is positioned in a way that reduces tension on the Achilles tendon.
• Physical Therapy: Once the tendon begins to heal, physical therapy is introduced to restore strength, flexibility, and range of motion. This may include exercises to gradually strengthen the calf muscles and Achilles tendon.
• Gradual Return to Activity: Patients are advised to slowly increase their activity levels under the guidance of their healthcare provider, avoiding high-impact activities until the tendon is fully healed.

2. Surgical Treatment

Surgery is often recommended for complete ruptures or for patients who are active and wish to return to sports or physically demanding activities. The goal of surgery is to repair the torn ends of the Achilles tendon and restore its normal function.

• Surgical Procedure: The procedure typically involves making an incision in the back of the leg and stitching the torn ends of the tendon together. In some cases, additional tissue may be used to reinforce the repair.
• Recovery: After surgery, the foot and ankle are immobilized in a cast or boot for several weeks to allow the tendon to heal. Physical therapy is a crucial part of the recovery process, helping to regain strength and mobility.
• Return to Activity: Most patients can gradually return to their normal activities within a few months, although full recovery may take up to a year. High-impact sports should be avoided until the tendon has fully healed.

Preventing Achilles Tendon Rupture

While not all cases of Achilles tendon rupture can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

1. Warm Up Properly: Always warm up before engaging in physical activity, especially activities that involve running or jumping.
2. Increase Activity Gradually: Avoid sudden increases in the intensity or duration of your workouts. Gradually build up your activity level to give your muscles and tendons time to adapt.
3. Wear Appropriate Footwear: Choose shoes that provide good support and cushioning, particularly for activities that place stress on the Achilles tendon.
4. Strengthen and Stretch: Regularly perform exercises that strengthen the calf muscles and stretch the Achilles tendon to maintain flexibility and reduce the risk of injury.
5. Listen to Your Body: If you experience pain or discomfort in your Achilles tendon, take a break and seek medical advice before resuming activity.